Barriers to participation  (P2/M2)

Barriers to  sporting participation- factors that prevent people from participating within sport at various levels on he sports development continuum.


Economical
Economic barriers within sport usual present themselves when an individual cannot meet the cost of participation for that particular spot/event. Economical barriers which are present within sport is the price it cost to take part in some sports. for example if a person was wanting to get involved in playing golf, the costs associated to get involved in this sport are far greater, there initiatives in place in order to help people out with the costs of getting involved in the sport however the cost involved can be seen as a big issue within sport. Economic barriers can also affect areas and communities not just individuals, for example if an area is run down or doesn't receive proper funding then local sporting opportunities will be less frequent and prominent within their community.
 Economical barriers for young people
The barriers which young people face at the Performance level o the spots development continuum economically within sport is being able to fund it, the majority of young (People under 16) don't have jobs so have no means of personally funding their own sporting hobbies, therefore they're relying on there parents or spots clubs to fund their inclusion in sports however without his funding or financial support the would be unable to participate within certain sports.
An example of a spot which needs sufficient financial funding to be able to take pat in is golf, the cost of all the equipment plus things like club memberships as well as green fees and travel expenses al mean its very expensive so without external funding from a parent or carer or sponsor then it'd be difficult in order to participate in golf as a sport.
sponsorship however is very rare at foundation level as sport at this level is mainly played for leisure and not so much for competitive which is why sponsorship is so rare at this level, was around these barriers would be to increase junior funding within sports which have smaller participation numbers.
Economical barriers for women
the economical barriers which face women at the elite level is the lack of money and finance at this level, man sponsors and forms of finance a this level isn't as prominent o as strongly funded as compared to the Elite level for men. The factors which affect sponsorship is the fact the only 3% of televised sports is women based therefore meaning tat it gets less coverage and publicity so sponsors are less interested in pain to sponsor a women's sporting event as it'll not receive as much publicity as it would if the was to sponsor and advertise a men's sporting event.
http://uk.businessinsider.com/men-women-us-soccer-player-salaries-2016-4?r=US&IR=T
The link above also shows another economical barrier for women in sport This barrier is how much women athletes are paid in comparison to men. The average wage for a premier league footballer is £44,000 a week were as the average where as the average women's footballer earns only £500 a week (performance based bonuses on top of this) The Highest paid salary in the women's premier league is £35,000 per year/season which is less than e average male premier league player earns in a week. a solution to this barrier would be to pay both men and women equally then there would be no discrimination between the two genders and then there would be equality, Another positive which would come from is that it would help raise the profile of the women's game as well as TV coverage would be split 50/50 between both men and women meaning at people would have me opportunity to watch women's sport on telly and in person due to increased advertisement and publicity for the sport.
Economical barriers for Disabled people
Disabled People Face many economical barriers within Sport, one of he main issue is the lack of Disabled facilities and funding within disabled sport is the lack of functional facilities and access to specialist equipment, the cost of sport as risen drastically in the last ten years as has the cost of disabled access and ways into sport. The reason some disabled people are afraid to get involved in sport is because they feel they're a burden or un able to take part due to their condition however many are un aware of the many pathways into sport for disabled sportsmen/women.
The foundation level for disabled athlete is not funded very well as the majority of money is spent on getting people participating in sport but little time and money is spent on increasing disabled participation within sport.  for example at school if he excluded from PE lessons and is unable to take part or the lesson isn't suited to the needs of the disabled person then they will then fail to develop their skills within sport at foundation level as well as not get presented with any opportunities to get involved within sport at foundation level meaning that there is then no chance of the m progressing to higher levels of the sport development continuum (participation, performance and elite)
A way to amend these issues would be for more direct funding into foundation level of disabled sport rather than giving it to governing bodies who can they decide how to spend it, the advantage of this would then be that disabled people would now be able to find a path way into sport which would then increase the number of people who develop to the highest level.

 Cultural

cultural barriers within sport usually present themselves within sport through various nationalities as well as various religions. especially because the UK is such a multicultural nation it is important that all culture's are welcomed and accepted as well as having their beliefs accepted and respected within sport as well as society.

Cultural barriers affecting black, minority and ethnic groups

cultural barriers affecting minority groups at foundation level within sport could be that certain sports aren't played as much in there culture so therefore not participated in in as greater numbers meaning participation levels within a certain sport are lower within certain cultures, an example of this would be in places such as Pakistan and Sri Lanka sports such as football and rugby aren't played as much due to the climate and facilities so sports like cricket are more popular within their culture meaning participation numbers within sports like football and rugby are very low within these regions.
A relevant solution to this barrier would be to implement initiatives which look to increase participation numbers at foundation level which will then allow for talents to be developed and for more people to be ale to progress to the higher stages of the sport development continuum pyramid.
cultural barriers affecting women
cultural barriers to participation which may affect women are that in some cultures there are religious beliefs which dictate women from being involved in professional sport which could potentially affect women competing at elite and higher level as it means less female athletes are presented with the opportunity to progress due to cultural restrictions. Some cultures also give women less freedom to participate in sport therefore meaning in certain parts of the world where these cultures are more p[prominent participation numbers are significantly lower compared to places where  women are given more freedom in order to take part in sports therefore increasing participation numbers at all levels of the sports development continuum which then means more athletes are able to be produced at elite level.
cultural barriers affecting young people 12-18
(parental influences, socially acceptable in modern culture)
Cultural barriers which may prevent young people at foundation level is modern cultural barriers which may put them off taking part in particular sports. an example of this would be if a sport was seen to be different or not traditional then kids of this age are very self concious and may be afriad from getting judged and therefore may be less interested or put off from getting involved on these sports. aother issue whic may affect you from taking part in sport at a higherlevel such as perormance is that kids at this age may be encouraged to focus less on sport particualarly around 15-18 as these are important years within their education so this may prevent them from devloping onto a higher level within sport.
Education
educational barriers within sport could be things like, a lack of teachers to be able to teach sport to kids within school (lack of PE teachers), a lack of facilities in order for sporting activities to be carried out in or simply a lack of government funding towards sport meaning opportunities are less frequent to people.
Educational barrier affecting  people aged 50+
An educational barrier within sport which could affect people aged 50+ is that when they was being educated through sport in school they failed to be presented with opportunities to take up sports and also experience lesser known sports or sports which may not have been popular at the time, as well as not having proper or good equipment to do the sports with due to the lack of finance and funding at this time. a possible way this barrier can be overcome is through getting more people over the age of 50 involved with sporting initiatives which now present them with opportunities to take part n get involved in new spots or start getting back involved with sports they used to previously play as a child or through their younger adult days. The benefits of encouraging people of this age to get back involved with sport or get them playing for the first time is too firstly present them with opportunities to play sport and then secondly too provide them with a foundation in which they can continue to play sport regulatory and make friends and socialise through sport.
Educational barriers affecting disabled people
Educational barriers that are present in affecting young people when looking to get involved with sport at foundation level is the fact that to allow for is disabled people to play sport it requires specialist equipment and facilities and this is something which requires funding  which many facilities don't have therefore it is very difficult to locate local sporting facilities which are able to provide disable friendly or disabled run sessions due to the lack of specialist equipment at many sports centres throughout the country. Another barrier is that for some aspects of disabled sport it requires specific coaches who are able to coach disabled people as it is different to coaching normal people this therefore means that it can at times be difficult too find local coaches who are able to fully support and provide relevant coaching to disabled individuals within specific sports, this issue and barrier applies at all levels from foundation all the way through too elite level.
educational barriers affecting black minority and ethnic groups.
(religion and if its acceptable within religion) educational barriers which may prevent someone of an ethnic or minority background from taking part in sport at foundation level is through religion, many people from ethnic background particularly women are often unable to take part in sport due restrictions through religion. an example of this would be a Muslim swimming, their religion dictates that they should not show their body to anyone and through doing swimming these go against their religious beliefs. this barrier and issue goes all the way through from foundation though to elite level. a way in which this barrier is overcome is through Muslim friendly swim classes which are put on at some leisure centres, during these sessions they are specifically for Muslims in order to allow for them to take part in swimming and get involved at foundation and participation level of the sport development continuum.




Social
examples of social barriers which could be present within sport are language barriers through someone being of a different cultural background or nationality as well as other communication issues as some people who are disabled may struggle with speech and communication which could therefore make socialising with others a difficult task and therefore act as a barrier to participation through not being able to socialise.
Social barriers affecting disabled people
Social barriers which could affect disabled people when taking part in sports is they may find it difficult to verbally communicate with others which means socialising through sport may be difficult and therefore relationships are less likely to develop through sport. as well as this another social barrier is possibly struggling to be accepted by others as well as personally struggling to interact and socialise with other people within the team/group. It's these barriers which affect participation levels from disabled people at all stages of the sport development continuum which is why there are less disabled sportsmen compared to fully able people, this particularly affects the foundation stage of the sport development continuum as people with disabilities are find it very difficult to find local clubs or sporting foundations that allow them to participate and can also facilitate their needs to ensure they're getting the most out of the experience.
Social barriers affecting Young people (12-18 year olds)
Social barriers that could affect people at young ages within sport is joining clubs that may not be viewed as popular sports or starting a sport they feel may not be viewed as socially accepted by their group of friends which may be a factor which prevents them from taking up a new or different sport. another factor is that kids will follow their friends into playing certain sports and joining specific clubs as they want to be with their friends which means many fail to join clubs and develop friends outside of school and as a result relationships/friendships made through sports are low within kids at this age. a way in which kids are tried to be encouraged and shown new sports is through bodies such as sport England sending coaches and ambassadors of local clubs into schools to deliver coaching sessions and information about sports, an example of this is "chance to shine" which is a cricket initiative which aims to give young people a chance and pathway into playing cricket, it goes into schools and local clubs to deliver cricket sessions as well as help get kids involved in cricket, by doing this it increases participation numbers which is positive for the sports it means more players able to develop through the sport development continuum meaning there will be a high er turnout to elite level as well as raising the national and international profile of the sport.
Social barriers affecting old people
an example of a social barrier which may affect old people (ages 50+) is that they're unable to find anybody they know who  is playing sport and therefore are less interested as the social aspect surrounding sport is less appealing as it isn't present as they don't know anyone. another barrier is that they may not have the means in order to find  a local sports club which can provide for their needs, as they may not have access to the internet as its not something they're familiar with and never used as they was growing up meaning that they may the struggle to find a local club. this barrier is why participation numbers are so low within people aged 50+ taking part in sports. a way around this barrier would be to launch and set up more initiatives and projects to offer direct support and put on sessions in local communities instead of advertising on the internet as by doing this it would then be able to reach out to people directly and they can then get first hand experience and a feel for it as well as overcoming the barrier of some older people not having access to the internet and social media which is preventing them from taking part in sport.


Historical barriers
Examples of historical barriers within sport which could affect someone's participation within sports could be stereotypes which have become present within sport over years thus making it less popular to certain target groups. An example of this would be how rugby is perceived to be a sport only played by boys and people done see it as a "girls" sport, its for reasons like this why participation numbers in this sport may be lower due to this sort of exposure surrounding the sport.
Historical barriers affecting women 
A historical barrier within sport which may prevent them from participating is the fact that when they may have been brought up and throughout their childhood girls weren't encouraged to play sports and some sports were not viewed as "girls" sports therefore meaning many women till believe that they're unable to play these sports due to the history of low female participation surrounding them. However after recent success of women sport in England more and more women are now participating in sport and numbers are at an all time high. bodies such as "Sport England" and "women sports trust" have a number of initiatives set up to help increase and boost participation numbers in women's sports in order to increase the number of women which will develop through the sport development continuum and also just to get more people involved in women's sport in order to raise the profile and remove stereotypes surrounding certain sports. The benefits of increasing the numbers of participation is that it'll make the sport more popular meaning it'll mean numbers continue to increase.
Historical barriers affecting Disabled People
Historical barriers that could affect disabled people is that traditionally and in the past there was next to no sporting opportunities presented to people with disabilities as they didn't have the understanding or facilities to be able to incorporate people with disabilities into PE sessions at school or into sports outside of school, this is why disabled people who weren't given sporting opportunities struggle to get involved in sports today. However there is now specific coaches and facilities in order to help with disabled sport meaning there are now more opportunities than ever before and especially with the popularity rise and success of the London Paralympics
Historical barriers affecting people aged 50+

potential historical barriers which could affect people over 50 within sport is that they're struggling to get involved or find a club that is able to meet their needs as they may not have the confidence or may have not played sport in a while.  initiatives such as "back into sport" and the FA's club finder program help people of all ages and particularly old people get back into sports they may have played when they as younger or take up new sports for the first time. initiatives like this help aid sport development at foundation level. the reasons it only affects foundation level and no other levels is because these initiatives are in place to help overcome the barrier which is preventing people of tis age get involved in these sports and these initiatives looked to focus on increasing participation in these areas and not too provide development onto higher levels of participation. Another historical barrier is that they may not have access to the internet as its not something they're familiar with and never used as they was growing up meaning that they may the struggle to find a local club.
 the barrier which mainly affects people of this age is they find it difficult to get involved in sport as they haven't played it for so many years and many feel they're unable to play sport as they have not played in so many years or feel they're unable too physically, as well as this sport is seen as a social thing and they may struggle to get involved as nobody they know is taking part in sport so this may also present a social barrier as to why they're unable to get involved in sport.